![]() In the view of the dual process theory, ASD appears to be characterized by impaired intuitive but facilitated analytical processes. Although these social biases have been noticed for a quite long time now, the cognitive (analytical) and affective (intuitive) mechanisms that produce such social biases have remained unclear.Īutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with social communication deficits ( Lord and Bishop, 2015). Social conformity refers to the tendency of changing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to align with those of small groups of people or society as a whole: that is, social norms ( Asch, 1951). The halo effect, articulated by Thorndike 100 years ago ( Thorndike, 1920), is autonomous social judgements of others based on their superficial attributes (appearance). Some representative examples of such social biases are the halo effect and social conformity. ![]() Studies have demonstrated that negative affects, such as anxiety and stress, shift the balance of processes toward more intuitive responses, facilitating biased judgements and decision-making ( Bodenhausen et al., 1994 Harding et al., 2004 Engelmann and Hare, 2018), which appears to be consistent with evolutionary views ( Shah and Oppenheimer, 2008 Gigerenzer and Gaissmaier, 2011 Santos and Rosati, 2015) for instance, life-threatening environments where stress and anxiety are heightened require more hasty and impulsive fight-or-flight decision-making.Ĭognitive biases could engender considerable influence on our social activities, compelling our socially relevant judgements and decision-making to quite often be irrational. The intuitive process, although important for quick and adaptive decision-making, yields systematic but allegedly erroneous patterns of responses in judgments and decision-making, known as cognitive biases ( Frederick, 2005 Kahneman, 2011 Toplak et al., 2011). In contrast, the analytical process is slow and effortful and is associated with cognitive functions that inhibit the intuitive process ( Evans, 2008 Kahneman, 2011 Grayot, 2020). The intuitive process is fast and autonomous and is primarily associated with affective functions, such as recognition of the emotional facial expressions of others ( Evans, 2008 Kahneman, 2011 Grayot, 2020). Information processing in the human brain is thought to roughly be divided into intuitive versus analytical processes, known as the dual process theory ( Evans, 2008 Kahneman, 2011 Grayot, 2020). These findings are important in showing for the first time the cognitive and affective mechanisms that are involved in social biases. Social judgments and conformity also appear to be rather selectively associated with cognitive and affective processes, respectively, suggesting that social biases may be engendered by multiple independent processes. ![]() Our study has demonstrated that negative affects, such as anxiety, and Theory of Mind are associated with social schemas, such as social judgments and conformity, entailing social biases. Some representative social biases are the halo effect, articulated by Thorndike 100 years ago, which is making biased judgments of others based on their superficial traits, and social conformity, articulated by Asch in the 1950s, which is a tendency to fit one’s beliefs and behaviors to social groups or society itself (as social norms). ![]() Our social activities are quite often erroneous and irrational, based on biased judgements and decision-making, known as social biases.
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